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" Guadalquivir Steppe   Artistic reconstruction of a cold (stadial) phase of the Pleistocene in the Guadalquivir countryside. Woody angiosperms—including typical riparian taxa (Ulmus, Salix, Fraxinus, Alnus ) as well as oak species—behave as phreatophytes in an...
Cueva Negra

Cueva Negra

" Cueva Negra Paleovegetation reconstruction of the late Early Pleistocene archaeological site of Cueva Negra, based on palynological data from Carrión et al. (2003). The reconstruction highlights the local abundance of trees with different ecological requirements,...
Cueva del Arco Gravettian

Cueva del Arco Gravettian

" Cueva del Arco Gravettian Cueva del Arco during the Gravettian (Martínez-Navarro et al., 2003; Carrión et al., 2025), showing the predominance of Pinus halepensis, more common here than P. nigra as evidenced by archaeological charcoal remains. No substantial changes...
Cueva del Arco Musterian

Cueva del Arco Musterian

" Cueva del Arco Musterian Surrounding landscape of the Cueva del Arco during the Neanderthal occupation phase (Martín-Lerma et al., 2023; Carrión et al., 2025). Paleoecological information derives from pollen, carpological, anthracological, and archaeozoological...
Full-glacial phase of MIS 3 at Carihuela

Full-glacial phase of MIS 3 at Carihuela

" Full-glacial phase of MIS 3 at Carihuela Full-glacial phase of MIS 3 at Carihuela (Unit V), with dominance of Artemisia, grasses, Ephedra, composites, and other herbaceous and small shrub species, along with scattered pines. This represents the most coldest dry...